Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Ziel dieser quantitativen, systematischen Übersichtsarbeit war es, die Effektivität
der Ultraschallanwendung bei der Anlage von Epidural- und Spinalanästhesien in der
Geburtshilfe zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Die systematische Literatursuche in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL und CENTRAL identifizierte
alle randomisierten kontrollierten Studien. Als Effektivitätsmaßzahlen wurden neben
dem jeweiligen Konfidenzintervall (95 %-CI) für kontinuierliche Daten (z. B. durchschnittliche
Anzahl an Punktionsversuchen) die Mittlere Differenz (MD) bzw. für dichotome Größen
(z. B. Anzahl an Patienten mit „blutigen“ Punktionen) das Relative Risiko (RR) berechnet.
Ergebnisse: 6 Studien (publiziert zwischen 2001 – 2009) mit den Daten von 659 schwangeren Patientinnen
erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien. Der Einsatz des Ultraschalls wies im Vergleich
zur körperlichen Untersuchung eine geringere Gesamtanzahl an Punktionsversuchen (MD:
–0,92; 95 % CI: –1,11 bis –0,74; p < 0,00001) und punktierten Wirbelkörperhöhen (MD:
–0,2; 95 % CI: –0,31 bis –0,1; p = 0,0002) auf. Die Inzidenz der erfolgreichen Punktionen
im ersten Versuch betrug unter Ultraschallkontrolle 71 % im Vergleich zu 20 % in der
Kontrollgruppe. Auch in Bezug auf die Reduktion der Komplikationsrate in der geburtshilflichen
Anästhesie erwies sich die Ultraschallanwendung als effektives Hilfsmittel (z. B.
Anzahl an blutigen Punktionen; RR: 0,28; 95 % CI: 0,14 – 0,57; p = 0,0005). Schlussfolgerung: Es gibt aktuell einige Daten, die darauf hinweisen, dass der Ultraschall eine hilfreiche
Ergänzung im Rahmen der geburtshilflichen Anästhesie sein könnte. Der Einsatz des
Ultraschalls kann insbesondere bei Frauen mit speziellen Risiken (Adipositas, Skoliose,
Dorsale Instrumentierung) zur Anlage einer zentralen Leitungsblockade empfohlen werden.
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this quantitative systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety
of ultrasound-guided neuraxial blocks in obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A systematic search for clinical trials investigating the efficacy and safety of
ultrasound-assisted neuraxial blocks in comparison to any other technique was performed
in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL. Relative risks (RR) were calculated for dichotomous
data (e. g. number of patients with vascular punctures), and mean differences (MD)
were calculated for continuous outcomes (e. g. number puncture attempts), along with
the respective 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results: Six clinical trials (published between 2001 and 2009) including the data of 659 patients
satisfied the inclusion criteria. Ultrasound-facilitated neuraxial blocks required
a lower number of puncture attempts (MD: –0.92; 95 % CI: –1.11 to –0.74; p < 0.00001)
and fewer puncture levels (MD: –0.2; 95 % CI: –0.31 to –0.1; p = 0.0002) in comparison
with the more conventional loss of resistance. The success rate with the first attempt
under ultrasound guidance in supposedly difficult patients was 71 % in comparison
to 20 % using a conventional technique. Patients receiving ultrasound-assisted neuraxial
blocks had a lower rate of procedure-related complications (post-dural puncture headache,
spinal or vascular puncture). Conclusion: There is some evidence that ultrasound guidance may improve the efficacy and safety
of neuraxial blocks in obstetrics. If technical difficulties are anticipated, ultrasound
may lower the rate of procedure-related adverse events.
Key words
systematic review - epidural analgesia - ultrasound
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Dr. Alexander Schnabel
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Muenster
Albert Schweizer Str. 33
48153 Münster
Germany
Phone: ++ 49/2 51/8 34 72 53
Fax: ++ 49/2 51/8 34 72 53
Email: alexander_schnabel@gmx.de